The Friar of Carcassonne: Revolt against the Inquisition in the Last Days of the Cathars

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In the events leading up to the riots and during the riots themselves, there was a strong reaction by Catholics against anyone singing the Psalms in French. In the late 1530s Clément Marot had translated the Psalms into French and set them to popular music. At first Marot had presented these only to the royal Court of King Francis I where they were extremely well received especially by the young Dauphin (who later became King Henry II of France). The Dauphin made his courtiers sing them with him while his musicians accompanied him on viol or lute. [5] John Calvin caused twelve of Marot's translations to be published adding five additional Psalms translated by himself and set to music. [5] Mousnier, Roland (1980). The Institutions of France Under the Absolute Monarchy, 1598–1789: The Organs of State and Society, Volume 2. tr. Arthur Goldhammer. Presses Universitaires de France. Though the city was about 500 miles north of Toulouse, the Massacre of Vassy that occurred on March 1, 1562, was seen as a dread event by Protestants throughout France. In Languedoc at (Béziers, Cahors, Carcassonne, Castelnaudary and Grenade) spontaneous Protestant revolts occurred upon hearing of the massacre. [4]

Carcassonne - Wikipedia

Nicolas Sarkozy, interior minister at the time, declared a " zero tolerance" policy towards urban violence after the fourth night of riots and announced that 17 companies of riot police ( CRS) and seven mobile police squadrons ( escadrons de gendarmerie mobile) would be stationed in contentious Paris neighborhoods. Villiers-le-Bel riots, riots in the Val-d'Oise department that began following the deaths of two teenagers whose motorcycle collided with a police vehicle.

The French Take Over Carcassonne

Champagne Riots, resulted from a series of problems faced by grape growers in the Champagne area of France.

Bagarre générale à Carcassonne : les images de la violente

Finn, Gary (December 15, 1998). "Second day of Toulouse riots over killing". independent.co.uk. The Independent . Retrieved December 21, 2017. According to statements by Mr. Altun, who remains hospitalized with injuries, a group of ten or so friends had been playing football on a nearby field and were returning home when they saw the police patrol. They all fled in different directions to avoid the lengthy questioning that youths in the housing projects say they often face from the police. They say they are required to present identity papers and can be held as long as four hours at the police station, and sometimes their parents must come before the police will release them. [7] In January 1562, the Edict of St. Germain was issued officially recognizing the existence of French Protestants and guaranteeing freedom of conscience and private worship. It forbade Protestant worship within towns but permitted Protestant synods and consistories. The Edict of St. Germain arrived in Toulouse in February 1562 and the Parlement was displeased to see it, as like all other parlements it had been removed from enforcing the limited rights of worship given to Protestants. The capitouls in contrast, fully endorsed and enforced the edict. The Parlement only registered the edict with the provision that "in cases of necessity or abuse, it would administer the edict itself." [4] As the capitouls applied the edict, they found that the Parlement was fully prepared to obstruct them as much as possible. [4] Holladay, William L. (1996). The Psalms Through Three Thousand Years: Prayerbook of a Cloud of Witnesses. Minneapolis, MN: Augsburg Fortress.

The airports include Beauvais, the main French hub for Ryanair and other budget airlines, as well as Brest, in the far west of the country, and Carcassonne, in the south. By 1762 Toulouse's treatment of Protestants was met with some outrage over its execution of Jean Calas by breaking at the wheel. The Huguenot rebellions, a series of southern revolts in part led by Henri, Duke of Rohan in response to increasing reversals of the Edict of Nantes. The events that led to the Massacre center on Francis, Duke of Guise. The Duke had travelled to Saverne to meet with the Lutheran Duke of Württemberg on February 15, 1562. There Guise worked to convince the German Lutherans that the French Reformed Church and its recognition of Calvin were working against the interests of other Protestants and was able to secure a promise of neutrality should there be armed conflict between the Catholic French and the Reformed Church of France. Upon returning to France, the Duke left Joinville with a contingent of his troops, having been informed of Protestant worship in the town of Vassy, and began to journey towards Paris to re-join the royal court. [24] Adjusting his route to go through Vassy on March 1, 1562, his troops encountered a Reformed Church service in progress, having heard its bells from afar. [25] The interchange between Guise's troops and the Reformed members resulted in the Massacre of Vassy. The results were the deaths of 63 Reformed Church members and the wounding of hundreds more, along with their church being burnt to the ground. [13] Main article: Response to the 2005 civil unrest in France Allegations of an organized plot and Nicolas Sarkozy's comments [ edit ]